![]() In Mahayana Buddhism it is used as part of the compound " Avalokiteśvara" ("lord who hears the cries of the world"), the name of a bodhisattva revered for her compassion. In Saivite traditions of Hinduism, the term is used as part of the compound " Maheshvara" ("great lord") as a name for Shiva. Deshpande states that Ishvara in Dharmasutras could alternatively mean king, with the context literally asserting that "the Dharmasutras are as important as Ishvara (the king) on matters of public importance". However, Patrick Olivelle states that there Ishvara does not mean God, but means Vedas. The word Īśvara appears in numerous ancient Dharmasutras. ![]() The contextual meaning, however as the ancient Indian grammarian Pāṇini explains, is neither god nor supreme being. It is absent in Samaveda, is rare is Atharvaveda, appears in Samhitas of Yajurveda. However, the verb īś- does appear in Rig veda, where the context suggests that the meaning of it is "capable of, able to". The word Īśvara never appears in Rigveda. The composite word, Ishvara literally means "owner of best, beautiful", "ruler of choices, blessings, boons", or "chief of suitor, lover".Īs a concept, Ishvara in ancient and medieval Sanskrit texts, variously means God, Supreme Being, Supreme Soul, lord, king or ruler, rich or wealthy man, god of love, deity Shiva, one of the Rudras, prince, husband and the number eleven. The second part of the word Ishvara is vara which means depending on context, "best, excellent, beautiful", "choice, wish, blessing, boon, gift", and "suitor, lover, one who solicits a girl in marriage". The root of the word Ishvara comes from īś- (ईश, Ish) which means "capable of" and "owner, ruler, chief of", ultimately cognate with English own (Germanic *aigana-, PIE *aik-). In Advaita Vedanta school, Ishvara is a monistic Universal Absolute that connects and is the Oneness in everyone and everything. In Yoga school of Hinduism, it is any "personal deity" or "spiritual inspiration". In modern sectarian movements such as Arya Samaj and Brahmoism, Ishvara takes the form of a monotheistic God. In traditional Bhakti movements, Ishvara is one or more deities of an individual's preference from Hinduism's polytheistic canon of deities. In Vaishnavism, it is synonymous with Vishnu. ![]() In Shaivism, Ishvara is synonymous with " Shiva", as the "Supreme lord over other Gods" in the pluralistic sense, or as an Ishta-deva in pluralistic thought. In medieval era texts, Ishvara means God, Supreme Being, personal god, or special Self depending on the school of Hinduism. In ancient texts of Indian philosophy, Ishvara means supreme soul, Brahman (Highest Reality), ruler, king or husband depending on the context. Ishvara ( Sanskrit: ईश्वर, Īśvara) is a concept in Hinduism, with a wide range of meanings that depends of the era and the school of Hinduism.
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